Ob als Pell-, Salz- oder Bratkartoffel, verarbeitet zu Pommes oder als Chips – Wir Deutschen mögen sie, die Kartoffel. Etwa 60 Kilogramm ist der durchschnittliche Pro-Kopfverbrauch per Jahr in unserem Land. Auch weltweit gehört die Kartoffel neben Mais, Reis, Weizen und Maniok zu den wichtigsten Grundnahrungsmitteln. Und bis jetzt gab es auch immer genügend Nachschub, so dass wir uns keine Sorgen um die schmackhafte Knolle machen mussten.
KARTOFFELN MÖGEN KEINE WÄRME
Doch was zukünftig definitiv zum Thema werden könnte: Kartoffeln mögen während des Wachstums keine Wärme. Sind die Temperaturen zu hoch, bildet die Pflanze deutlich weniger oder mitunter gar keine Knollen mehr. Biochemiker der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) schauten sich dieses Phänomen nun genauer an. Sie setzten in ihren Laboren die Kartoffelpflanzen tagsüber Temperaturen von bis zu 29 Grad und nachts Temperaturen

von etwa 27 Grad aus. Und schon schaltete die Pflanze sozusagen auf ein anderes Wachstumsprogramm um: Sie bildete mehr grüne Triebe und Blätter, aber weniger bis keine Knollen mehr. Hinzu kam: Die wenigen Knollen hatten einen geringeren Stärkegehalt und keimten schneller – sie waren also weniger nahrhaft und verdarben rascher.
GRUND IST EINE KLEINE RIBONUKLEINSÄURE
Zudem erforschten die Nürnberger Wissenschaftler woran es liegt:
Bisher war der Mechanismus, der die Knollenbildung bei Hitze verhindert, nicht bekannt“, erklärt Prof. Dr. Uwe Sonnewald, Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Biochemie.
Die höchsten Erträge von Kartoffeln lassen sich bei gemäßigten Temperaturen erzielen – ideal für die Knollenbildung sind rund 21 Grad Celsius tagsüber und 18 Grad nachts. Bei diesen Temperaturen und der richtigen Tageslänge wird in den Blättern ein knolleninduzierendes Eiweiß mit dem Namen SELF-PRUNING 6A (SP6A) gebildet. Dieses signalisiert der Pflanze, Knollen zu bilden, um auf Kälteperioden vorbereitet zu sein. Bei niedrigeren Temperaturen ist sie inaktiv. Steigen die Temperaturen jedoch an, blockiert sie die Bildung von SP6A und damit das Knollenwachstum.
Gemeinsam mit seinem Forschungsteam hat Sonneberg nun eine kleine Ribonukleinsäure (RNA) ausgemacht, die aus etwa 19 Nukleotiden (Bausteine von Nukleinsäure) besteht und die die Knollenbildung temperaturabhängig reguliert.
AUSSCHALTUNG DER RNA GELUNGEN
Den Wissenschaftlern ist es in einem nächsten Schritt gelungen, diese kleine RNA auszuschalten. Wieder setzten sie ihre Kartoffelpflanzen hohen Temperaturen im Gewächshaus aus. Das Ergebnis: Auch bei mehr als 29 Grad bzw. 27 Grad entstanden weiterhin Knollen von guter Qualität.

Unsere Ergebnisse bieten die Chance, dass wir auch in Zukunft bei steigenden Temperaturen noch Kartoffeln anbauen können“, freut sich Sonnewald.
Als nächstes wollen die Forscher die Kartoffelpflanzen unter Feldbedingungen testen und prüfen, ob die Pflanzen auch unter realen Bedingungen der Hitze trotzen werden. Doch schon jetzt ist das Ergebnis angesichts des Klimawandels ein wichtiger Beitrag, um Ernteerträge auch in Zukunft zu sichern. Die Forschungsarbeit wurde kürzlich in der Fachzeitschrift Current Biology veröffentlicht.
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