Science&Future

ANTARKTIS: FORSCHERTEAM ERKUNDET LEBEN UNTER EISBERG A68

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Am 9. Februar startet unter der Leitung des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts (AWI) ein internationales Forscherteam eine Expedition zum abgelegenen Larsen-C-Schelfeis. Das Ziel: Die Forscher möchten das bisher unter dem Schelfeis verborgene Meeresökosystem erkunden. Im Juli 2017 kalbte ein riesiger Eisberg mit einer Größe von der siebenfachen Fläche Berlins vom antarktischen Larsen-Schelfeis ab. Durch den Abbruch des Eisberges namens A68 wurde eine Fläche von etwa 5.800 Quadratkilometern von der hunderte Meter dicken Schelfeisschicht befreit. Eine Welt, über die die Menschheit nichts weiß, da sie bisher unter dem dicken Eis im Verborgenen lag. Nun planen die Forscher nochmals – zwei Expeditionen mussten frühzeitig abgebrochen werden –, per Schiff von Punta Arenas (Chile) in die Region östlich der antarktischen Halbinsel zu fahren, um dort Proben vom Meeresboden zu nehmen. Insgesamt neun Wochen werden sie mit dem Eisbrecher Polarstern unterwegs sein. Per Satellitenaufnahmen soll die schwierige Navigation durch das Meereis unterstützt werden.

Forscherteam
Teilausschnitt der Abbruchkante des Larsen-B-Schelfeises an der Antarktischen Halbinsel/Polarstern-Expedition ANTXXIII/8, Weddellmeer 2006/07 ©Gauthier Chapelle

EILIGE MISSION

Die Mission eilt: Das wahrscheinlich seit mehreren tausend Jahren vom Eis bedeckte Ökosystem könnte sich mit dem jetzt einfallenden Licht rasch verändern. „Die Expedition zum Larsen-C-Schelfeis ist eine einmalige Gelegenheit für die internationale Forschungsgemeinschaft, um in dieser vom Klimawandel betroffenen Region interdisziplinäre Forschung durchzuführen“, so der wissenschaftliche Fahrtleiter der Expedition, Dr. Boris Dorschel. Da Larsen C weit im Süden liegt, ist selbst in Zeiten minimaler Meereisbedeckung in der Antarktis noch viel Eis vorhanden. Nichtdestotrotz sollte die Expedition zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt stattfinden. So können die Forscher noch Einblicke in die erst kürzlich vom Schelfeis befreite Welt erhoffen und das ein oder andere Geheimnis des Eisschelfs und des Eisbergs A68 lüften. Unter anderem sollen auch die Strukturen am Meeresboden erforscht werden. Für die Forschungszwecke sollen zudem hochauflösende Satellitendaten sowie der Bordhelikopter der Polarstern genutzt werden.

Polarstern
Das Forschungsschiff Polarstern während einer Eisstation im Weddellmeer ©Mario Hoppmann

DRAMATISCHER ÖKOLOGISCHER WANDEL

„Das Kalben von A68 ist eine einmalige Gelegenheit, Meereslebewesen zu untersuchen, die einem dramatischen ökologischen Wandel ausgesetzt sind“, so der Meeresbiologe Dr. Huw Griffiths vom British Antarctic Survey (BAS). Er leitet eines der Projekte zur Erforschung der Biologie am Meeresboden. Da das Gebiet Jahrtausende ohne Sonnenlicht war, gehen die Forscher davon aus, dass sich hier eine Artengemeinschaft entwickelt hat, die sich speziell an ein Leben mit sehr wenig verfügbarer Nahrung angepasste. Griffiths ergänzt: „Der Abbruch dieses riesigen Eisbergs wirkt so, also nehme man plötzlich die Decke von einer Höhle. Erstmals seit tausenden von Jahren können durch das einfallende Sonnenlicht an der Wasseroberfläche Mikroalgen wachsen, was das gesamte Nahrungsnetz verändert, so dass sich andere Arten ansiedeln.“

Seesterne ©Griffiths, Huw J.

Das Expeditionsteam wird Tiere, Mikroorganismen, Plankton, Meeressedimente und Wasserproben untersuchen. Dabei kommen verschiedenste Geräte zum Einsatz wie Unterwasser-Videokameras sowie ein Schlitten, der am Meeresboden kleine Tiere sammelt. Der Meeresboden wird zudem mithilfe von Sonarsystemen detailliert vermessen.

HINTERGRUND

Das Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), forscht in der Arktis, Antarktis und den Ozeanen der gemäßigten sowie hohen Breiten. Es koordiniert die Polarforschung in Deutschland und stellt wichtige Infrastruktur wie den Forschungseisbrecher Polarstern und Stationen in der Arktis und Antarktis für die internationale Wissenschaft zur Verfügung. Das Alfred-Wegener-Institut ist eines der 19 Forschungszentren der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft. Sie ist die größte Wissenschaftsorganisation Deutschlands.

Bild oben: Das deutsche Forschungsschiff Polarstern während einer Eisstation im Weddellmeer©Mario Hoppmann

DAS KÖNNTE SIE AUCH INTERESSIEREN:

NEUE FORSCHUNGSPROJEKTE: AUSWIRKUNG VON KLIMAWANDEL AUF DEN AUFTRIEB VON TIEFENWASSER

Dieser Artikel erschien am 7.2.2019 in der Innovation Origins.

444 Gedanken zu „ANTARKTIS: FORSCHERTEAM ERKUNDET LEBEN UNTER EISBERG A68“

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